Background of steganography

Background of steganography Steganography has been derived from Greek word â€Å"Stego† which means â€Å"Covered† and â€Å"Graphia† which means â€Å"writing†. Steganography is an ancient technique of covert communication. The earliest form of Steganography has been reported by the Chinese. The secret message was written in very fine silk or paper, and then it was rolled into a ball and covered with wax. The messenger would either swallow the ball or hide it in his nether parts. Herodotus has mentioned in one of his seminal works of history, Histories during the 400B.C about the tradition of secret writing. In his writings he has mentioned about the conflicts between Greece and Persia. A king named Histiaeus encouraged the Aristagoras of Miletus to revolt against the Persian king. He used to tonsure the head of his most trusted servants and tattooed the scalps with secret message and waited for the hair to grow. The servant used to travel between the borders without carrying anythi ng contentious freely. At the reception end his head would be tonsured again and the message will be conveyed. Similarly during the World War II, the Germans invented the use of microdots. Image containing great details were scaled down to the size of microdots. The German usage of secret sharing is regarded as the recent evolution of Steganography. Another example of Steganography is during the Vietman War were the captured US armed force showed hand gestures during a photo sessions to convey some military secrets. The field of Steganography is limitless and any kind of cover media can be used for carrying secret messages. Cover medias can be text, images (grey, binary, color), audio, video etc. An example is illustrated as follows. Siva and Adam dined happily. The following message is not simply a plain text but it carries a secret message within it. By extracting every second letter from each word we derive a secret message as follows. â€Å"India† Other methods of non technical Steganography is using lime and other citrus liquids to write secret data. The message will be imperceptible to the eye. When it is shown over a flame the writings will become perceptible. Steganography is method of information hiding. Steganography can be considered as an art as well as science for secret communication. The best way to explain the purpose of using Steganography is the Prisoner Problem. Now let us consider two prisoners Alice and Bob, and Wendy to be the warden. Now if Alice and Bob want to devise a plan for escaping then they got to communicate with each other. If Wendy is a passive warden then he wont interfere in there communication but if he is an active warden then he will interfere and extract the secret message sent. Hence Alice and Bob got to communicate in such a way that Wendy is not able to decipher there plan. This can be done by the technique of Steganography. Steganography is been used in order to enable secret communication. It is also being used by terrorist for covert communication which is potential for endangering our national as well as world security. Despite the ill effect there are positive sides of Steganography. For example a photographer can store the aperture size, future references etc while taking a picture. Steganography has a wide application in medical imaging were the details of the patients are embedded within the medical image. Similarly Steganography can be used for different friendly applications. It is also used for copy right protection using it along with Watermarking. The use of Steganography also has an important role in strengthening national security. Steganography is defined as secret hiding. It can also be regarded as secret sharing since messages can be shared secretly without being hacked or corrupted. COMPARISON BETWEEN CRYPTOGRAPHY, STEGANOGRAPHY AND WATERMARKING The other forms of data hiding are cryptography and watermarking. Cryptography is a technique in which the secret message is encrypted and sent in an unintelligent format. The basic difference between Steganography and cryptography is that Cryptography scrambles the data whereas Steganography just hides the data. Cryptography scrambles the secret data in such a way that it appears to be gibberish to any unintended user. The secret data to be communicated is a mixture of permutation and substitution and hence any unintended user cant receive the message. Steganography is different from Cryptography. Steganography rather hides the data whereas Cryptography encrypts the data. Steganography provides much more security when compared to cryptography because there is no chance of any unintended user to know that a message is being sent whereas in Cryptography there will always be a suspicion that a message is being sent. Hence these are more prone to be hacked or suppressed. Watermarking is generally used for authentication and copyrights protection. Watermarking can be used for creating a image in order that it is recognizable. It can also be used to mark a digital file so that it is intended to be visible (visible watermarking) or visible to its creator (invisible marking). The main purpose of watermarking is to prevent the illegal copying or claim of ownership of digital media. CHARACTERISTICS OF STEGANOGRAPHY, CRYPTOGRAPHY AND WATERMARKING The common characteristic between Steganography, Cryptography and Watermarking is that they transmit the secret information in such a way that only the receiver is able to decrypt the data. These techniques had been prevalent during the ancient times have been transported to the digital world. It has become nearly impossible to extract or detect the secret messages. In digital domain Steganography and watermarking have a tie and it is majorly used in digital images. These have other uses as well. Both cannot exist by themselves and hence they require cover objects. Steganography requires a cover media to carry the secret information and watermarking requires a carrier object which it is intended to protect. These similarities create a link within them and hence some modifications can lead the transportation from one technique to another. Due the similarities present between these it is difficult to distinguish between the both but actually there is a remarkable difference between the m. Cryptography encrypts data in two methods secure or unbreakable (e.g. One-time pad) systems and breakable (e.g. RSA) systems. Through both the systems communication carried out is known to all. But it is time consuming and often fruitless to crack a code. The robustness of the code lies upon the difficulties faced while reversing the code in different permutations and combinations. Due to its robustness it is used for security purposes. For example Cryptography is used for online shopping, banking etc. The credit card number, expiration etc and other crucial informations are encrypted and sent so that an unintended user cant access the details. Steganography offers high carrier capacity keeping embedded message invisible and maintaining the fidelity of the cover media. The efficiency of the Steganographic method is that one shouldnt know that a media file has been altered in order for embedding. If the malicious user knows if there is some alteration the Steganographic method is defeated and less efficient. The embedded message is very fragile and hence if any modification is done to the stego image the whole secret message is corrupted. The effectiveness lies on the ability to fool an unintended user. The layers of communication can be more than one layer. A secret message can be embedded with a digital image which in turn can be embedded within another digital media or video clippings. Watermarking is required in order for authentication and copyright protection of digital files. The embedded watermarking is required in an object to make it impossible to remove completely. If the embedded watermarking is removed, then the marked object is either distorted or destroyed making it useless for anyone. This is the reason why watermarking is more robust when compared to the other image processing techniques, such as compression, cropping, rotation etc. hence even if a tiny bit of information is extracted by modification and tempering the rightful owner can still claim ownership. If the owners name is embedded in the digital image and the particular image then the original information is tampered and destroyed. Unlike Steganography, it is acceptable for everyone one to see the watermark embedded in it including the invisible ones. COMBINED EFFORTS OF STEGANOGRAPHY, CRYPTOGRAPHY AND WATERMARKING Cryptography is used as a paisano of the other two data hiding techniques. Data is encrypted in both the techniques in order to increase the randomness of the Steganography to avoid the statistics-based attacks and to protect the hidden data in watermarking. Commonly it is a practice to first encrypt the data and then use any one of the embedded techniques. The importance of watermarking can be stated as follows. Suppose Rs 100 bill is introduced in December 2009 then watermarking is required in order to prevent illegal copies. If the bill is shown in light a small image will appear within the large image. The watermarking is actually a part of the large paper and is visible on both sides. Hence it becomes difficult to produce a paper with such features. In addition to these features some tiny writings which are invisible to the human eyes are present in the paper. A banker having the necessary equipments (magnifying glass) can tell the difference between the original bill and the fake bill. Steganography makes its play here. The tiny printing done on the bill represents Steganography. It is implemented in order to achieve high security. The tiny printing done in the paper cannot be copied since any commercial printer is incapable to print such a fine and thin print leading to black spots. These are the reasons why Steganography is used for high security. Cryptography is actually implemented in the bill. A serial number is been printed in the bill which may contain information about the location and date of bill is printed or any other confidential information. The unique serial number for each bill can be used for tracking purposes. Using Steganography, Cryptography and Watermarking it becomes impossible to reproduce Rs100 bill. It must be kept in mind that all three are different and have different functionality. REQUIREMENTS OF STEGANOGRAPHYc Any digital media can be used as a cover media. The cover media can be a text, image (color, gray), audio or video etc. Cover media is required in order to hide and carry the information. Usually digital images are required in order to hide secret messages. The secret message is hidden within the digital image. After the message is embedded within the cover media An innocuous image consisting of scenery, people and other objects are the nominees for cover media. The availability of natural images is not a problem due to the affordable price of digital cameras nowadays. Natural images are the best candidates for cover image since they have higher resolution providing flexibility and other necessary need. Images are selected because the cover media is selected depending upon how the human visual system works. The gray image consists of pixels with intensity value from 0 to 255. The human eye cannot differentiate between a pixel intensity of 244 and 245. It will appear both the pixel intensities to be same. Also natural image s contains lots of noise and hence there is lots of pixel value intensity difference especially in the edges. This variation in the pixel intensity is known as randomness and can be exploited to embed the data without providing any suspicion to human eye. The human visual system wont be able to distinguish between the image before modulation and the image after modulation. The secret data is embedded within the cover image. The resulting image is called a stego-image. The stego-image will appear to be the same as the original image. The human eye cannot usually distinguish between the stego-image and the original image except there is a significant change between the images. In that case the Steganographic method employed is ineffective. Hence there are certain Stego-system criteria which we have to follow while doing a Stegagraphic implementation. They are stated as follows. The major criteria of Steganography that the cover media shouldnt be significantly altered or modified. The embedded data should be directly encoded in the cover and not in the header or wrapper. The embedded data should be immune to modifications of the cover. That is if the cover media under goes any change then data embedded within it should be unaltered. During transmission there are chances of noise to occur and hence distortion due to noise cannot be eliminated. Due to this issue error coding algorithms should be included where ever it is required. It is advisable to avoid the suspicious portions while embedding the message in the cover. This because after embedding in these regions they become open to suspicion. For example by embedding in smooth portions of the image, the resultant image becomes distorted and open to suspicion. Hence such portions are often avoided and portions where there is variation in the pixel intensity are preferred. The embedding efficiency must be improved. Efficiency of the embedding capacity depends upon the number of pixels in the image used for embedding purposes. The stego-image should be robust to steganalysis. Steganalysis is a method of identifying the difference between the original image and stego-image. Using steganalysis one can derive the information about the secret message. The stego-image should reassemble the original image and there should be any suspicion. The cover image should have high carrier capacity. That is the embedding capacity should be large. The amount of information present in the image should be resistant to distortion and should be comparable to the number of pixels present in the image. The three basic requirements of Steganography are robustness, capacity and imperceptibility. All these requirements should be satisfied for having an effective Steganographic method.

The Macro Environment Of Brewing Industries Commerce Essay

The macro-environment of the UK brewing industry are the major external and unmanageable factors that influence its operating organisation ‘s determination devising, every bit good as its public presentation and schemes. To place and measure its cardinal factors, utilizing the PESTLE model will supply a comprehensive list of influences and cardinal drivers in six chief classs, which are: political, economic, societal, technological, legal, and environmental. This method allows concerns to see and research how their external environment might alter so that they are prepared if things should alter.PESTLE analysis of the UK Brewing IndustryPolitical Changes and reforms of Licensing Laws in line with Government policy Relaxation of gap hours and late dark gap National lower limit pay addition impacting wages and rewards EU influence and statute law sing steps of drinks EU and National Government guidelines sing wellness Local and National Government concerns sing negative facets of ‘binge imbibing ‘ Budget additions in responsibility on intoxicant Government program to increase revenue enhancements comparing to around & A ; lb ; 8million Increased responsibility on beer to 9 % and rising prices by 2 % Economic National and international economic downswing means people by and large have less disposable income for socializing Rise in staff rewards due to National Insurance and Minimum Wage additions Cut monetary value offers for intoxicant in supermarket publicities Additions in conveyance costs in line with Fuel pricing Steadily falling employment Pubs create 18 occupations per pint than the supermarkets who merely create 3 Rising costs of energy, nutrient revenue enhancement and employment Social Culturally saloons are the Centre of societal life, topographic point to run into friends and for locals to socialize Easily accessible as saloon are by and large situated near to Town Centres or on chief paths Localised locale known for gigs, unrecorded music, themed darks for younger consumers Demographically increased local pupil population Media concern with negative facets of ‘binge imbibing ‘ Increased consciousness of wellness concerns Increased advertisement on mainstream media of devouring intoxicant responsibly Wider pick and gustatory sensation of alcoholic drinks in supermarkets for consumers Technological Developments in bringing of cold beers and chilled ale Development of broad scope of flavoured alcoholic drinks Local involvement in nightlife promoted via multi-media, web sites, web logs and societal networking Ads for intoxicant consciousness and responsible imbibing on mainstream media Increased advertizement for intoxicant trade names via multi media Legal Smoking Ban Stronger enforcement of underage imbibing ordinances on local and national degree Changes in Drink Driving Laws EU statute law on steps of drinks served Environmental Recycling Waste, litter, garbage produced in local country Transportation system and bringing costs of goodsThe Macroeconomic Environment? ?Key DriversThe Changing Nature of the Competitive EnvironmentShow a Five Forces analysis of the competitory environment of the UK beer industry and discourse the changing nature and consequence of these forces ( 30 Markss )The brewery industry is extremely competitory and extremely concentrated concern. There are a figure of forces at work here all of which can supply an penetration into how appealing the brewery industry is, in footings of whether it is the type of industry to come in or go forth ; if there is room to exercise any type of influence and how the rivals within this industry impact its public presentation ( Johnson,2009 ) . To assist supply an analysis of the brewery industry and develop a concern scheme, utilizing Michael E. Porters Five Forces Model will find its competitory strength or attraction of a market.Porter ‘s Five Forces Analysis for the UK Brewery Industry***NOTES FROM WO RKSHOP: The industry is unattractive and unprofitable, the forces cut down the net incomes the house can make†¦it ‘s acquiring worseThe Strategic Directions of AdnamsAgainst the background of a worsening industry, the beer maker and saloon operator Adnams seem to be bucking the tendencies. Assess the strategic waies chosen by Adnams that have aided their advancement. ( 40 Markss )Adnams is a British brewery founded in 1890 in Southwold, Suffolk. In 2008 in malice of the economic downswing, Adnams began to do alterations in how the brewery procedure operates to cut down its impact on the environment. In making so Adnams decided to work more closely with local husbandmans and manufacturers who supply their breweries and hotels ; in add-on to this through a partnership with a local concern Adnams installed an anaerobiotic digestion works to turn brewery and nutrient waste into biogas, which has been a immense success.DecisionTable of AppendixsMeeting LogsMeeting Title:Strate gic Management AssignmentDate:22ndFebruary 2011Time:12:00Location:Kingston Hill Campus ( Library Resource Centre )Meeting No.1Attendants:Alfred Okanlawon, Andrina Beau-Pierre, Damian Brooks, Rosetta Azah-Thomas, Jermaine RandolphSubjects:Familiarize ourselves with one another and exchange contact inside informations Ensure everyone has a transcript of the instance survey Skim over the instance survey and insight possible paths for inquiries 1, 2 and 3 Following meeting day of the month: 1stMarch 2011 By the following meeting everyone should hold read and understood the instance survey to the full, and made slug points for each inquiry.Meeting Title:Strategic Management AssignmentDate:1stMarch 2011Time:12:00Location:Kingston Hill Campus ( Library Resource Centre )Meeting No.2Attendants:Alfred Okanlawon, Andrina Beau-Pierre, Damian Brooks, Rosetta Azah-Thomas, Jermaine RandolphSubjects:Gather all the notes made for each inquiry Decide who will make which inquiry Following meeting day of the month: 8thMarch 2011 By the following meeting everyone should hold made a start on their assigned inquiry so that everyone can read over it and offer suggestionsMeeting Title:Strategic Management AssignmentDate:17thMarch 2011Time:14:00Location:Kingston Hill Campus ( Mid Level )Meeting No.3Attendants:Alfred Okanlawon, Andrina Beau-Pierre, Damian Brooks, Rosetta Azah-Thomas, Jermaine RandolphSubjects:Combined the work that everyone has done so far separately for each inquiry Whatever is left to make everyone should make, and we will convey it together for the following meeting Following meeting day of the month: 22ndMarch 2011 By the following meeting all the inquiries will be answered by everyone and set together jointly and everyone will read the assignment and take notes on which subdivisions they feel are irrelevant so that it will be cut down to do relevant together so that everyone is happy with its contentMeeting Title:Strategic Management AssignmentDate:22ndMarch 2011Time:11:00Location:Kingston Hill Campus ( )Meeting No.Attendants:Alfred Okanlawon, Andrina Beau-Pierre, Damian Brooks, Rosetta Azah-Thomas, Jermaine RandolphSubjects:To discourse why subdivisions of the assignment are irrelevant To take out subdivisions that everyone agrees are irrelevant Following meeting day of the month:Meeting Title:Strategic Management AssignmentDate:24ndMarch 2011Time:13:00Location:Kingston Hill Campus ( )Meeting No.Attendants:Alfred Okanlawon, Andrina Beau-Pierre, Damian Brooks, Rosetta Azah-Thomas, Jermaine RandolphSubjects:To compose up the debut ( foreword ) and decision as a group Hand in the assignment Following meeting day of the month:

I Know What ItS Like To Be Afraid Of Your Own Mind.

I know what it s like to be afraid of your own mind. Author Unknow Mental Health is a person’s condition regarding their mind and emotional welfare and a philosophy offer an understanding of the client’s needs and it helps the mentor to define the problems and to assess it by finding the right techniques to help meet the goals of the clients. Counselors assist clients and groups with theories that gets applied in their work. The theory that counselors use will provide them with a good structure and appropriate interventions for the clients. Counselor can then devise a proper plan of action that they find the best. Every counselor has their own unique way of conducting meetings. Whenever a counselor does not have the proper tools and†¦show more content†¦Jean Piaget was influence by lev Vygotsky a psychologist and Lawrence Kohlberg also a psychologist just to name a few (Clouse, B. (2015).; Through his years of research in child psychology. Piaget identified 4 different stages in development. This essay will elaborate more on o ne of the stages of development, the cognitive theory. He developed the Cognitive theory in 1970 by observing research and watching the mental development of his nephew and three kids. Clinician can use this technique to their advantage by asking the tough questions that members might not want to answer straightforward. This is also the behavioral domain which let members act and complete a phase. Cognitive therapy deals with faulty thinking, incorrect information and failure to be able to disguised fantasy and reality (Gerald Corey, 2016, p. 129) An example of this might be the way members see and treat themselves. They will speak in a negative manner. When that negative thought come in place the member will feel anxious and embarrass It is the job of the clinician to let the members see for themselves that what they might think and is not always the truth. 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Canadian International Academic Services Inc. Essay

INTERNSHIP PREAPPROVAL REPORT 1. Name of the Organization: CANADIAN INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC SERVICES INC. 2. Address: 23 WESTMORE DRIVE, SUITE #414,TORONTO, ON M9V3Y7 THE BUSINESS: a. What do they provide to their customers? Canadian International Academic Service is an international recruiting service provider and agency based in Ontario, Canada that has been initiated in the year 2003. CIAS is an agency which deals with recruitment of international students, also to up brings the globalization of education by making easy access to students with quality education from North American Universities and Colleges. They are not just the agency, also they provide settlement services to students with the help from Canadian Intercultural Association of Students (CIAOS), which is a non-profit organization, serves also in post landing services, job placements, business placements and also co-up placements too. 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